速生杨不同修枝强度对胸径和树高生长量的影响

基于速生杨中黑防经营技术,进行了不同修枝强度对胸径和树高生长量的影响试验,结果表明：采用中度修枝强度有利于提高速生杨胸径生长量和立木蓄积量,而弱度修枝和重度修枝强度与中度修枝相比,无论树高还是胸径,均相对减少,冠幅随修枝强度的变大而减小,冠幅面积依次为未修枝>轻度修枝>中度修枝>重度修枝。掌握适宜的修枝强度在提高树干圆满度的同时,能够提高立木蓄积量及优质木材率。     

不同光强对曼地亚红豆杉生长及生理代谢的影响

分析了不同光强对曼地亚红豆杉生长及生理代谢的影响,结果表明,适当的遮阴能够促进曼地亚红豆杉的生长,以透光率70%最佳,过高或过低都会对其产生抑制作用。初级代谢产物的增加是促进曼地亚红豆杉生长的原因,生长与初级代谢产物的变化趋势一致,透光率为70%时,初级代谢产物的积累达到最大。过低的光照强度会明显抑制紫杉醇的积累。因此,70%透光率是曼地亚红豆杉在重庆区低海拔地区种植的最适光环境。     

秸秆还田下生物炭和硫酸铵对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响

【目的】以江淮地区麦茬稻田为对象,研究秸秆还田下不同施肥处理对稻田N2O和CH4排放的影响,并结合水稻产量计算不同处理综合温室效应（GWPs）和温室气体强度（GHGI）。【方法】试验采用裂区设计,主处理2个水平,为秸秆还田（S）和秸秆移除（NS）,副处理4个水平,分别为不施氮肥（CK）、传统施肥（T0）、生物炭与尿素配施（T1）和单施硫酸铵（T2）,共计8个处理,采用静态暗箱GC气相色谱法检测不同处理稻田N2O和CH4排放通量,测定土壤温度、湿度和无机氮含量,统计水稻产量,计算综合温室效应和温室气体强度。【结果】无论是秸秆还田还是移除条件下,除CK外,其他施肥处理的 N2O和CH4排放通量都会在基肥和追肥施用后出现峰值。无论秸秆还田与否,与传统施肥处理相比,生物炭与尿素配施和单施硫酸铵处理均能显著降低N2O和CH4累积排放通量。在秸秆还田和移除条件下,与传统施肥处理相比,生物炭与尿素配施处理均会导致水稻产量显著降低,但会提高土壤NO-3含量,增加对周围水体污染的风险。在秸秆移除和还田条件下,与传统施肥处理相比,单施硫酸铵均能显著增加水稻产量,增幅分别为12.27%和7.78%。与秸秆移除相比,秸秆还田条件下单施硫酸铵会显著促进N2O排放,但显著降低CH4的排放以及综合温室效应和温室气体强度。【结论】在目前秸秆还田造成CH4排放增加的背景下,用硫酸铵替代尿素能显著降低CH4排放,并提高水稻产量,降低综合温室效应,施用效果最佳。     

间伐强度对不同林分类型美景度的影响

以南京无想寺国家森林公园5个典型林分为对象,分析了不同间伐强度间美景度的差异,建立了美景度与景观要素的关系模型。结果表明:间伐尤其是强度间伐能大幅提高各林分美景度;林分密度、胸径、郁闭度等是影响该地区林内景观质量的主要因子;较好的通透性、较大的平均胸径及树高有利于提高林分美景度,而林分密度和郁闭度增大会给景观美学质量带来负面影响,进行生态风景林构建时应注意协调抚育措施对各林分因子的影响。     

Gradient analysis of an eastern sand savanna's woody vegetation,and its long-term responses to restored fire processes

Little information is available comparing historic and modern sand savannas, and how remnants respond to restored fire. We compared short- and long-term effects of restored fire on the Tefft Savanna, a 197 ha eastern sand savanna in northwest Indiana that had undergone three decades of fire protection. U.S. Public Land Survey data from Tefft in 1833 indicate black and white oak barrens, and pin oak savanna, with trees averaging 50 stems/ha and 4 m²/ha basal area. We used ordination and a digital elevation model to assess topographic distribution of tree species in 1986. In 1986, we also compared initial effects of high- and low-intensity dormant season fire on woody vegetation among nine blocks containing black oak, white oak, and pin oak stands. Twenty years later, we compared the same blocks, all of which had been burned three times per decade with low-intensity fires. In 1986, black oak, white oak and pin oak occurred across a gradient of decreasing elevation and slope. At that time, unburned black oak and white oak stands averaged >400 stems/ha and about 10 m²/ha basal area, and their smaller size classes contained non-oak woody vegetation that apparently had invaded with fire exclusion. After initial burns, black oak and white oak stands receiving high-intensity fire averaged <200 stems/ha and had significantly lower oak canopy cover and basal area than unburned stands. Stands receiving low-intensity fire had intermediate oak canopy cover, with basal area similar to unburned stands. Pin oak stands were more fire-resistant, apparently because spring flooding often reduced fire effects. Density, cover and basal area of non-oak tree species were much lower than oaks, and were not reduced by initial burning. Repeated low-intensity burning over 20 years tended to maintain structure caused by initial fires. However, it reduced lower size class stem densities, promoted post-fire sprouting into the shrub layer, and allowed oak basal area to increase in larger size classes. Time since fire regulated shrub layer structure on a 4-year cycle. Density and cover of trees and shrubs returned to pre-burn conditions by the second and fourth growing seasons after fire, respectively, with non-oak tree species exceeding pre-burn cover and density by the fourth season. These results suggest that high-intensity fire is more important than repeated low-intensity burning in structuring and restoring eastern sand savanna, and that non-oak tree species, once established, may be resistant to low-intensity fire.     

Effect of CMH on Growth and Enzyme Activity in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Different Growth Stages and Light Intensities

Pot experiments were conducted over 3 successive seasons using wheat Giza 155 grown in normal or low (50 % of normal) light intensity. Concentrations of 50, 100, 500, 1000 or 2500 ppm CMH were sprayed at tillering, early stem extension, late stem extension or heading. Grain weight/plant, specific grain weight, grain number/ear and ear number/plant were increased with lower concentrations of CMH treatments only at the first 2 stages under varied light intensity. During both tillering and early stem extension, CMH spraying increased activities of α-amylase and β-fructofuranosidase in leaves leading to more accumulation of total carbohydrates in grains and consequently more grain production/plant. Such effect occurred with 50–500 ppm CMH under normal light intensity as well as with all concentrations of this compound under low intensity. Meanwhile, 1000 and 2500 ppm CMH resulted in growth inhibition.     

不同光照强度对新娘草叶片形态建成及超微结构的影响

为探究新娘草叶片对光照变化的形态建成和超微结构的响应机制,以新娘草茎段扦插苗为试验材料,通过遮阳网人工模拟5种光环境(遮光度分别为0、25%、50%、75%、95%)进行试验,研究不同光照强度对新娘草叶片生长及超微结构的影响。结果表明:随光强的减弱,新娘草叶长、叶宽和叶面积呈先增后减的变化趋势。在遮光75%时,叶长、叶宽和叶面积达到峰值,叶面颜色由黄绿色变为浓绿色,叶背颜色由深紫色变为浅紫色,在遮光95%时,紫色消失。光强对叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、叶绿素a+b[Chl (a+b)]和花色素苷(Ant)含量均有显著影响(P<0.05):Chl a、Chl b和Chl (a+b)含量与光强呈负相关,Ant含量与光强呈正相关。新娘草叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度均随光强的降低而显著降低(P<0.05),而栅栏/海绵组织厚度和组织密实度均在50%遮光下达到峰值。全光及遮光25%条件对叶肉细胞的超微结构产生了轻微的破坏,造成部分基粒类囊体片层和基质类囊体片层的扩张,淀粉粒体积变大,而极端弱光(遮光95%)对叶肉细胞的超微结构产生了巨大的破坏,使得部分叶绿体解体,淀粉粒空洞。研究结果表明新娘草具有较强的光适应性,可以通过调整叶形、叶色、叶片解剖结构的方式适应不同的光环境,适度的光照强度(遮光50%~75%)有利于新娘草维持最佳的生长状态,而在极端弱光环境(遮光95%)下新娘草虽能存活,但叶片内部器官的结构产生了不可逆的损伤。     

光照对“星布罗”肉用仔鸡的生长发育及胰腺内分泌细胞结构和功能的影响

将72只日龄为14d的“星布罗”肉用仔鸡随机分为实验和对照两组,每组36只。实验组接受强度为151x的1L:3D间歇性白炽灯光照,对照组为自然光照。两组的饲喂条件相同。结果:与对照组相比,实验组体重略高而料肉比略低,实验组鸡胰腺A、B细胞的内分泌颗粒减少,A颗粒粒芯周围出现大致均匀的晕轮,B颗粒粒芯呈现不典型的针状、棒状或环状,PP细胞的内分泌颗粒明显增大、增多,胞浆中的粗面内质网、高尔基复合体和线粒体等数量增多。两组鸡的D细胞无明显差异。34日龄的实验组鸡血浆胰岛素含量明显高于对照组,且与体重呈正相关。     

林火对大兴安岭典型植被土壤理化性质的影响

以大兴安岭地区西部呼中国家级自然保护区2008年受火烧干扰的林分为研究对象,对2个典型林型落叶松林和白桦林不同火烧强度的土壤理化性质进行了分析。结果表明:2个林型在不同火烧强度的作用下,其土壤含水率、土壤密度、pH值、有机质及营养元素质量分数等理化性质表现出显著的差异性。     

光强对4种鸭跖草科植物叶片生理特性和超微结构的影响

为探究鸭跖草科植物对不同光强的适应能力，本研究以紫鸭跖草（Commelina purpurea）、‘花叶’水竹草（Tradescantia flurnuensis ‘Variegata’）、吊竹梅（Tradescantia zebrina）和‘绿叶’水竹草（Tradescantia flurnuensis ‘Vairidia’）为试验材料，通过遮光网设置5种光强梯度进行试验，研究不同光强对4种植物生理生化指标以及叶肉细胞超微结构的影响。结果表明：随光强的降低，4种植物的可溶性蛋白含量显著降低，可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量呈不同的变化趋势；4种植物的O₂^·-，H₂O₂以及丙二醛含量在100%自然光强下最高；4种植物的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶和过氧化物酶活性在100%自然光强下保持较高水平，随光强的降低，则呈不同的变化趋势。对叶肉超微结构的研究发现，100%自然光强对4种植物造成了强光伤害，导致质膜结构破损，叶绿体和线粒体数量显著减少，淀粉粒和嗜锇颗粒数量增加。综上可得，强光对4种植物造成的伤害远大于弱光伤害，4种植物光适能力的强弱的顺序为：吊竹梅 > 紫鸭跖草 > ‘花叶’水竹草 > ‘绿叶’水竹草。